How to Check on the Status of Your Tax Refund in Canada

The Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) does not start processing Canadian income tax returns until the middle of February. No matter how early you file your income tax return, you will not be able to get information on the status of an income tax refund until the middle of March. You should also wait until at least four weeks after you file your return before checking on the status of an income tax refund. If you file your return after April 15, you should wait at least six weeks before checking on the status of your return. Processing Times for Tax Refunds The length of time it takes the CRA to process your income tax return and refund depends on how and when you file your return. Processing Times for Paper Returns Paper returns usually take four to six weeks to process.For paper tax returns filed before April 15, wait four weeks before you check on your refund.For paper tax returns filed on or after April 15, wait six weeks before you check on your refund. Processing Times for Electronic Returns Electronic (NETFILE or EFILE) returns can take as little as eight  business days to be processed. However, you should still wait at least four weeks before you check on your refund. Tax Returns Selected for Review Some income tax returns, both paper and electronic, are selected for more detailed tax return reviews by the CRA before they are assessed, as well as afterward. The CRA may ask you to submit documentation to verify claims you submitted. This is not a tax audit, rather it is part of CRA efforts to identify and clarify common areas of misunderstanding in the Canadian tax system. If your tax return is selected for a review, it will slow down the assessment and any refund. Information Required to Check on Your Tax Refund To check on the status of your income tax refund you need to provide the following information: Your Social Insurance NumberThe month and year of your birthThe amount entered as Total Income on line 150 of your income tax return for the previous year. How to Check on Your Tax Refund Online You can check on the status of your income tax return and refund using the My Account tax service, which you can register for using your existing online banking information or by creating a CRA user ID and password. You will be mailed a security code within five to 10 days, but you dont need it to access some limited service options. (The security code has an expiry date, so it is a good idea to use it when it arrives, so you wont have to go through the process again when you want to use My Account for another service.) To access My Account, you will need to provide: Your Social Insurance NumberYour date of birthYour postal code or ZIP code, as appropriateThe amount you entered on your income tax return from either the current tax year or the one before. Have both handy. How to Check on Your Tax Refund by Phone You can use the automated Telerefund service on the Tax Information Phone Service (TIPS) to find out if your return has been processed and when to expect your refund cheque. The TIPS phone number is: 1-800-267-6999The Telerefund service is also available at: 1-800-959-1956

The Successful Social Media Campaign Of Red Bull Essay

ANALYSIS OF THE SUCCESSFUL SOCIAL MEDIA CAMPAIGN OF RED BULL Successful ad campaigns are normally founded on deep psychological insights. Great brands combine meaningful and powerful inspirational messages to communicate to their audiences in ways that touch them. They also strive to ensure that their products and services are credible and trustworthy. During campaigns, messages delivered in a thought-provoking manner are likely to be shared virally by brand fans and this boosts the credibility and increases awareness of the product or service (Jost, Ledgerwood Hardin, 2008). A great campaign focuses on increasing good will and loyalty because it encourages purchase across other items within the brand umbrella. They resonate with the customer by ringing true and delivering an inspiring message. They also focus on communicating how the service or product is relevant to a customer’s life and how it impacts them positively , making them happier, more fulfilled and more productive (Jost, Ledgerwood Hardin, 2008). One legendary brand that was able to successfully creat one of the greatest marketing campaigns in history was the Red Bull energy drink by the Red Bull Company in Australia. At first, this brand avoided outdoor prints, television, and other digital ads. They instead used grassroots and experiential efforts by letting people try their product free of charge. It was one of the most celebrated human experiences across the globe (Jost, Ledgerwood Hardin, 2008).Show MoreRelatedRed Bull As Ideal Drink For Any Sport Activity1256 Words   |  6 Pages Red Bull is the most famous invigorating drink in the world.The Austrian company has been selling it for already twenty years. Firstly, it conquered Europe, then America, well after reborn drink returned to its homeland-Taiwan and all the rest of Asia. Today Red Bull has annual sales of around 4 billion cans in 160 countries and employs more than 7,700 people. Because of it energy building ingredients and revitalizing qualities Red Bull focusses their brand around the theme â€Å"Red Bull gives you wings†Read MoreRed Bull Stratos Analysis1382 Words   |  6 Pages ii. Barriers 3. THE ALTERNATIVES 4. THE ISSUES 5. THE CONCLUSION 1. INTRODUCTION Red Bull Stratos occurred on 14 October 2012 in New Mexico, USA, and it is commonly considered to be a milestone in the evolution of marketing. Red Bull athlete Felix Baumgartner has jumped towards Earth, from a helium balloon, from an altitude of 39 km. He is the first (known) human being breaching the sound barrier while descendingRead MoreRed Bull: Building Brand Equity in a Non-Traditional Way1198 Words   |  5 PagesRED BULL: BUILDING BRAND EQUITY IN A NON-TRADITIONAL WAY BY: KAMARUL ARIFFIN NADHIRAH NOORAZLIN BINTI ANI INTRODUCTION 1985 Improves physical endurance Stimulates metabolism and helps eliminates waste substances Improves overall feeling of wellbeing Improves reaction speed and concentration Increase mental alertness Word-OfMouth Sampling Program Event Sponsorship Point-OfPurchase Athlete Endorser Advertisement Controlled All Aspects Of TheRead MoreRed Bull Energy Drink1672 Words   |  7 Pagesall the agencies together - for briefings, creative sessions, tactical or strategic planning. This reduces workload and subsequent stress levels - one of the many benefits of IMC. RED BULL ENERGY DRINK Market Review †¢ Canadian Retail market for energy drink is worth approxim $44 million. †¢ Red Bull holds 50% of market share worth $22 million †¢ Consumer often confuse energy drink with sports drinks such as Gatorade and PowerAde. †¢ Seen as addictive, Drug-infusedRead MoreRed Bull Social Media Marketing2704 Words   |  11 PagesRed Bull – #Summer is here Prepared for: Social Media Marketing, GMA 2012, ESSEC Business School Prepared by: Ekaterina Hadjipetkova Date: 18.08.2012 1. OVERVIEW 1.1 Company profile Red Bull GmbH. is a privately held, Austrian based company operating in the energy drink business. Red Bull GmbH engages in the marketing and sales of energy drinks in more than 160 countries. Red Bull is the beverage for athletes, professionals, students - short for everybody who needs some energy - in Europe, theRead MoreRed Bull Integrated Marketing Campaign Essays2752 Words   |  12 PagesExecutive Summary This report was commissioned to to plan and develop an integrated marketing communications campaign strategy for Redbull energy drinks. The aim of the report was to rebrand Redbull as an alternative to alcohol on a night out and to recommend ways of increasing sales volume for Redbull energy drinks by 50%. The research draws attention to the fact that Redbull energy drinks already are the number one energy drink in the world with 4.6 billion cans sold internationally in 2011Read MoreRedbull Marketing Communications1536 Words   |  7 PagesRedbull Marketing Communications Digital Campaigns Clarisonic launched a campaign in October 2010, Breast Cancer Awareness Month, in which the company promised to donate 1$ for every new like they received on their facebook fan page. Clarisonic used Facebook advertising, email blasts, twitter, youtube and even their own blog â€Å"Sonic Chatter† to spread the word about their new ‘like’ campaign. Clarisonic objectives included adding a thriving social media section to Clarisonic’s traditionalRead MoreSupply and Deman Analysis for Red Bull1235 Words   |  5 PagesRed Bull Demand and Supply Analysis Red bull is an energy drink composed by caffeine, taurine, glucoronolactone, B group vitamins, sucrose and glucose and alpine spring water. Thanks to this unique combination of ingredients, Red Bull vitalizes body and mind. This drink is originally from Australia where it is produced and distributed in over twenty countries including USA, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa and Eastern and Western Europe. Finding the right target group for this drink isRead MoreRed Bull Cool Factor7077 Words   |  29 PagesHOW RED BULL CREATED THE â€Å"COOL† FACTOR QUESTION 1: Origin: Red Bull energy drink has had wings since it took off 25 years ago. The iconic Red bull drink as we know it today in the western world was originally found in Thailand in 1987 by an Austrian entrepreneur who was inspired when he realized that it could cure his jet lag. The original drink called Krateng Daeng was first invented and only available in Thailand. The Austrian entrepreneur, Dietrich Mateschitz then in partnership with ChaleoRead MoreRed Bull Cool Factor7088 Words   |  29 PagesHOW RED BULL CREATED THE â€Å"COOL† FACTOR QUESTION 1: Origin: Red Bull energy drink has had wings since it took off 25 years ago. The iconic Red bull drink as we know it today in the western world was originally found in Thailand in 1987 by an Austrian entrepreneur who was inspired when he realized that it could cure his jet lag. The original drink called Krateng Daeng was first invented and only available in Thailand. The Austrian entrepreneur, Dietrich Mateschitz then in partnership

Cotton Research Paper Free Essays

Ralph Lauren Polo Shirt Ralph Lauren polo shirts have been in production since the 1970s. I am writing about polo shirts because I own many of them in different colors so I am interested in how they are made. Polos are composed of 100% cotton. We will write a custom essay sample on Cotton Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now I like to wear these shirts mainly because they are comfortable and look good, but also because they are easy to maintain. Cotton is machine washable and can also be dried in a standard dryer, even though they may shrink if over-dried. Cotton is made up of fibrous cellulose, which is a carbohydrate, and the molecular makeup is a long chain of glucose molecules. Glucose molecules are made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen with reactive hydroxyl groups. There are as many as 10,000 glucose monomers per molecule. The molecular chains are arranged in long spiral linear chains within the fiber. The strength of a fiber is directly related to chain length. Hydrogen bonding occurs between cellulose chains in a cotton fiber. Hydrogen bonding occurs when hydroxyl groups within the chain are polar, meaning the electrons surrounding the atoms are not evenly distributed. As a consequence, hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyl group are attracted to many of the oxygen atoms of the cellulose. The bonding of hydrogen within the fibrils causes the molecules to draw closer together which increases the strength of the fiber. Cotton’s comfort and absorbency is also due to hydrogen bonding. A picture of cotton’s chemical structure is shown below. Cotton is a natural fiber and is grown in temperate climates. Cotton plants live for at least two years in good conditions which makes it a perennial crop. Geographically, Antarctica is the only continent where cotton is not grown. In the United States, cotton has been continually produced for hundreds of years, mainly in the southeastern region but also throughout the southern part of the country stretching all the way to California. Cotton is considered a stable investment since it has long seasons which can get up to half a year in profitable income, making cotton a primary choice for farmers as long as they live in a region with an appropriate climate. Once farmers have successfully grown the cotton plant, they use one of two different methods to harvest their fields. The most common method involves the ‘cotton picker’ which does not damage the plant. They also have the option of using whats called a ‘cotton stripper,’ but this method makes the cotton more polluted with leaves and stems which requires more cleaning. Once the cotton is picked, it moves on to the cotton gin where on average about 40 bales of cotton per hour are processed. An invention by Eli Whitney, the cotton gin dries out the cotton to remove excess moisture and also to filter out unwanted debree. Next, the fibers are run through circular saws that filter out smaller debree such as seeds that may have gotten through the first part of the process. Finally, once the cotton has completed the ginning process, it is shipped in bales weighing 500 pounds each to textile mills for fabric production. An example of a standard cotton gin is pictured below. The cotton polo that I chose for my paper went through the process of knitting. Knitting can occur on a circular machine which causes the cotton to be processed into a long tube-like fabric, or on a flat bed. Polo shirts are made using the latter process. This is apparent because there are seams connecting the different parts of the shirt, meaning that it was not made from one continuous thread of cotton. There are other methods to transforming cotton into a fabric. Weaving is another popular method, but the fabric produced from weaving is not as flexible as the fabric produced from knitting. Below is an example of a flat bed knitting machine. Cotton is a very popular choice for clothing production. It has been used for thousands of years and many every day items that people use are also made out at least in some part of cotton. The fabric is easy to maintain, and it is very breathable and soft when worn, making it an ideal choice for not only clothes but anything from pillows to bed sheets to medical products such as gauze. To give an example of how often cotton is used to produce clothing, over 70% of all men’s clothing is composed of the fiber. This is due to the fact that cotton is very easy to process and handle, and has many retainable qualities that keep the clothing items intact and looking like new for years if treated with a reasonable amount of care. To clean my polo, I can throw it in the washing machine and also into the dryer afterward. Cotton has a tendency to shrink if dried for too long which is one of the only drawbacks. Cotton also has such advantages as having high absorbency, retaining dyes well, and being easy to handle and knit. Cotton is so widely used around the world that it has it has its own terms of measurement. ‘Cotton count’ is used to denote 840 yards per 1 pound of cotton. This is an unusual term of measurement because it measures the length of the cotton instead of its weight. Terms that specifically measure the weight of fibers are the denier and the tex. These measurements apply to all fibers, not specifically cotton. One denier is approximately nine kilograms per meter, while the tex is a ninth of that total at one kilogram per meter. Different parts of the world interchangeably use these two units of measurement. The United States and England use deniers while Canada and most other parts of Europe prefer the tex unit. In conclusion, Ralph Lauren’s polo shirts are one of my favorite pieces of clothing that I currently own. They are very comfortable and easy to maintain. This is due to the versatility and quality of the cotton fiber. Not only is it easy to maintain, but also has a fairly cheap production cost and has a huge demand among all types of consumers. That being said, it is no wonder that cotton has been at the top of the list of fibers used for clothing for thousands of years. Works Cited Understanding Textiles Collier, Billie J. , Bide, Martin, and Tortora, Phyllis G. Understanding Textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. 2001. Print. Cotton. org http://www. cotton. org/pubs/cottoncounts/fieldtofabric/uses. cfm Wikipedia http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cotton Cotton Manufacturing http://www. oldandsold. com/articles04/textiles6. shtml How to cite Cotton Research Paper, Essays

Social exclusion and conspicuous consumption - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Social exclusion and conspicuous consumption. Answer: Introduction The chosen topic for the paper is Conspicuous Consumption; the famous sociologist Thorstein Veblen in his book The Theory of Leisure Class stated that, the chief motive of certain consumers is to display their wealth and high status in the society by buying expensive commodities. These commodities are generally luxury items and they are not a part of daily necessary goods. Those who buy these expensive luxury products, they do so to invoke envy in the minds of others and increase their self-worth, prestige and to display their high income. Sociological survey has shown that the people belonging to middle class or lower classes tend to practice conspicuous consumption going beyond their financial means in order to increase their social status, this is also known as pecuniary emulation, the term was coined by Veblen as well. Conspicuous Consumption in the 21st century Veblen used the term conspicuous consumption in order to describe the upper class individuals who emerged after the Technological Revolution that occurred during later part of 19th century. In his book he also mentioned the term vicarious/conspicuous leisure which means that the owner of a household employs people to complete tasks that are generally considered to be a waste time and the owner spends that time in leisure (Wrege Greenwood, 2017). The standards of living increased during this period, the people belonging to the middle class began consuming goods that were beyond their financial means and had no practical use. In the 20th as well as in the 21st century there was an evident explosion in conspicuous consumption pattern due to the several factors lie globalization, use of advertisements in an extensive manner, new inventions, and other things (Liang, Chang Wang, 2017). The term conspicuous consumption although initially referred to the rich people (as proposed by Veblen) but later the recent economists like Nikolai Roussanova,Kerwin Kofi Charles, and Erik Hurst found that this sort of behaviour has been predominantly seen among people belonging to lower classes. The display of wealth by the people having lower income helps them in concealing their actual social status. The people belonging to the class of people who aspire to belong to a higher status or those who may already appear to be belonging to the higher society explain the idea of Veblens conspicuous consumption (Currid-Halkett, 2017). They spend beyond their means on the luxury unnecessary products like sports cars, expensive refrigerators, and crystal glass wares (Bellezza, Paharia Keinan 2016). The show of ones social status through consumption is even more challenging in the recent times than it was in Veblens time. The change in the economic scenery from the Industrial revolution has created a middle class who have money to spend to show off their wealth (Kapeller Schtz, 2015). Recently, the luxury fashion brands like Armani, H M, has created cheaper products. They have created high fashionable clothes and are selling them for $30 rather than $4000. This fake fashion has made the aspirations of the middle class and the lower class rise beyond their means. The conspicuous consumption of the rich people in recent times are mostly motivated by their need to save time or to make more profits, they do not consume expensive things to show off rather they meet their necessities (Kastanakis Balabanis, 2014). . They also spend a lot on the education of their children so that they may have a good employment opportunity in the future. The habits of the elite class will affect the economic scenario of the future, as the children of the current elite class will hold the financial and political power. Advertisements Influences the Perspectives of Masculinity and Femininity in the society Advertising through various mediums like banner, T.V, radio, songs while influencing the consumption behavior has also made an impact on our thinking about the roles of males and females in the society. However, advertising and mass media is definitely more than the simple conveyance of information and especially if it is conveyed visually. It can significantly affect or influence, an individuals perception and reinforce certain values. Consumerism and advertising have given shape to sexism, the term was introduced by the US American womens movement during the 1970s. The portrayal of female figures in advertising has over the years influenced the consumer buying behavior and as a result, womenfolk have been dominated and persistently portrayed as the weaker gender. The portrayal of images of men and women in TV, newspapers and magazines has induced a well demarcated gender hierarchy (Zhao et al., 2017). Body language is one of the mediums through which advertisements have injected th e stereotypical images of men and women. According to the theory of conspicuous consumerism, an individuals consumption behavior is influenced by his class and culture (Pastore et al., 2016). The same is used to make a clear demarcation between the conventional stereotyped gender roles. In case of women, the pattern of their consumption was determined by her position in the society and household. Traditionally, a woman was allowed to consume things, which were necessary to their sustenance and would reflect class and social position of their masters. Whereas, excessive consumption of materials became the sign of class and dignity for men, noble status in society and one of the scales to measure the noble from the ignoble (Warde, 2017).This is one of the sexist aspects of a consumerist society. Media and communication, one of the fundamental mediums of 21st century determine consumer buying patterns and choice of lifestyle. In advertising and media, the minorities often get little or absolutely zero representation and in certain cases are presented in a stereotypical, conventional manner. According to J.A Doyle, advertisements shape perceptions in showing the male personality as unnecessarily dominant, aggressive and with such other masculine accomplishments. This is also a powerful way of selling products that can further appeal to their manliness and make them distinct and superior with an image befitting to their dominant selves. The women on the other hand are portrayed often times as the caregivers, and advertisements have evolved around ways to ensure the utmost satisfaction to the male community. This creates the power equation between the men and women, the former being abstained from images that are conventionally associated with women (Collins, Baer Weber, 2015). It gives a very false notion of gender identity and gender roles by stereotypically associating colors, works and way of dressing with the female gender, for instance household tasks like cooking and cleaning when shown by a male portrays them as a buffoon. This is at par with the theory of conspicuous consumerism where the women, who are considered as a chattel to the men, should consume only the things that would honor her superior (Campbell, 2016). Conspicuous consumption of materials is a means of earning reputation and securing self-esteem. Media represents women as sex objects and influences them to by certain products or avail services that would sustain the sexual aggressors, men. The skilled manipulation of gender centric role is not new in the realm of advertising and media and the same has over the years promoted sexism and objectification of women (Percy, 2016). In case of video games and toys, as Simon de Beauvoir enumerates that one is not born a woman but becomes so, the games portray a sexualized version of the female body. Though the women are invested with powers and skills like that of men, they are represented according to the conventional male fantasy. The idealization of female body is thoroughly prevalent within the world of toys and video games. They portray that a slender and accurately proportioned body is the paradigm of feminine body. This is how the growth of beliefs and assumptions take place in the society due to advertising, media, toys and video games. The male figure is presented with the help of several stereotypical male character traits such as muscular physique, a typically aggressive male personality outnumbering the females. In the third generation consoles, the male gender is sketched and represented as the savior of their trophy wives or damsel in distress. Women were required in the games to provide the male figures a fascinating sense of victory and triumph. In this way it created biased images and as a result gender inequalities in the society, as large section of population was actually a part of the mainstream media. Conclusion To conclude, conspicuous consumption theory as suggested by Veblen has changed a lot since the past. Previously conspicuous consumption meant display of wealth by the rich upper class people but now the term is used to refer to the lower classes who try to buy expensive products to hide their status. It is seen as a wasteful way displayed by the consumers. Regarding the matter of display of wealth, in recent times, less is considered to be more, the real up-per class people display their wealthy in a much subtle manner. Gender bias has been an underlying truth hidden among the advertisement, and this idea has been at par with the conspicuous theory in which the women are considered to be the property of the men and they consume things according to the wealth of their masters. Although the theory still remains but it has evolved a lot and has got a different dimension of its own. Reference Bellezza, S., Paharia, N., Keinan, A. (2016). Conspicuous consumption of time: When busyness and lack of leisure time become a status symbol.Journal of Consumer Research,44(1), 118-138. Campbell, C. (2016). Status Matters? The Contradictions Surrounding Conspicuous Consumption.Being Human in a Consumer Society, 41. Collins, J., Baer, B., Weber, E. J. (2015). Sexual selection, conspicuous consumption and economic growth.Journal of Bioeconomics,17(2), 189-206. Currid-Halkett, E. (2017).The Sum of Small Things: A Theory of the Aspirational Class. Princeton University Press. Kapeller, J., Schtz, B. (2015). Conspicuous Consumption, Inequality and Debt: The Nature of Consumption?driven Profit?led Regimes.Metro economic,66(1), 51-70. Kastanakis, M. N., Balabanis, G. (2014). Explaining variation in conspicuous luxury consumption: An individual differences' perspective.Journal of Business Research,67(10), 2147-2154. Liang, S., Chang, Y., Wang, J. (2017). Social exclusion and conspicuous consumption: The moderating effect of power state.Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal,45(2), 321-329. Pastore, C. M. D. A., Nepomuceno, M. V., Stenstrom, E., Maffezzolli, E. C. F. (2016). The Association Between Digit Ratios and Conspicuous Consumption, and the Moderating Role of Intrasexual Competition.ACR North American Advances. Percy, L. (2016).Strategic advertising management. Oxford University Press. Warde, A. (2017). The Development of the Sociology of Consumption. InConsumption(pp. 33-55). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Wrege, C. D., Greenwood, R. G. (2017). THEORY OF THE LEISURE CLASS.Reforming America: A Thematic Encyclopedia and Document Collection of the Progressive Era [2 volumes], 325. Zhao, T., Jin, X., Xu, W., Zuo, X., Cui, H. (2017). Mating Goals Moderate Powers Effect on Conspicuous Consumption Among Women.Evolutionary Psychology,15(3), 1474704917723912.

Effects of Automation on Business and Employment

Introduction Is the future of the world going to be driven by sophisticated technology and endless job opportunities or is innovation going to create an inevitable doom? These are some of the issues that the author of this argumentative paper will address. Innovation has resulted to technologies that are increasingly making the world a happy and a comfortable place to live in.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Effects of Automation on Business and Employment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Technology has the capability to change the way human beings associate with the world around them (Miller, 2008). The author of this paper contends that the seemingly endless use of innovation is wrought with dangers and threats to the human society. Automation on Business and Employment Futurists like Ray Kurweil are optimistic about the destiny of this world as far as technological innovation is concerned. But they ap pear not to be aware of the consequences attached to it. In his book titled Lights in the Tunnel, Ford (2009) contends that â€Å"The world is becoming increasingly automated. Robots and computer programs will edge human workers out of their jobs (and that) unless we take a drastic step †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.this will reduce mass market’s purchasing power† (p.7). Ford (2009) is conversant with the fact that the world is indeed at a dangerous point. In his arguments, the tunnel is synonymous with purchasing power in the mass market (Ford, 2009). Having read this book thoroughly, the author of this paper is not convinced that the title adequately addresses the automation issue. The author of this paper would like to restructure the statement for the reader. The question is: what are the implications of automation in the current and future economy? Answering this question will help in predicting the future by tackling the current situation.Advertising Looking for research p aper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many people agree that robots and computer software will take jobs that were initially dominated or occupied by human beings. Some individuals are already experiencing the problems as popular automation machines such as Flexpicker and Adept Quattro are now taking part in the manufacturing industry as they are given the task of sorting and shifting goods. More human-like automation machines have taken over the industry. For example, in a few years’ time, the journalist will be replaced by these creatures as they possess the skills for virtual writing and even news’ anchoring. The vending machines are a classic example of this scenario where the right for employment has been rendered useless (Leontief Duchin, 2008). Some economists contend that even though the technology is progressing and increasingly taking over most of the jobs held by humans, it creates m ore jobs in real sense. Any worker displaced from the manufacturing line will automatically get a place in the maintenance segment. In addition, a couple of workers may become consultants. They even go ahead and stress that automation will never do away with jobs meant for human beings. However, whether the machines will replace humans or not will largely depend on how technology advances (Killingsworth, 2008). The Fallacy of the Luddites To address this issue effectively, the author will travel back in time to the industrial revolution. The textile workers of the Luddites rejected the use of looming machines contending that it was ‘greedily’ taking their daily share of bread. They protested that jobs carried out by machines will jeopardize the economy. Of course they were not right. But the reader will contend with the author of this paper that this is not a fallacy in the modern era given that technology meant to save and ease human labor is only escalating the rate o f unemployment (Killingsworth, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Effects of Automation on Business and Employment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author of this paper continues to argue that the fallacy will hold true if human beings are able to move at a faster pace than technology. This way, human beings will not be bullied by the greedy technology that is taking everything for itself. The fallacy that was structured during the revolution will be torn apart since the rate at which technology is advancing will overrun human capabilities. After the automation industry has taken over a substantial share of the global market, a large swathe of human workforce will be rendered redundant. In other words, future technology is a loss of jobs in the manufacturing industry (Watanabe, International Labor Office [ILO] World Employment Program [WEP], 2009). Another fact as far as job automation is conce rned is the many but lowly paying jobs in the industry. This is an indication that there will be just a few people able to purchase commodities. The few automated corporations will have formed a decimal generation of trillionaires with a diminished figure of consumers. This will result to fragmented purchasing power as consumer trust will fade allowing wealth to dominate in few places. At the end of the day, the wealthy tycoons will struggle to market their commodities bringing down the economy (Watanabe et al., 2009). Critiques Other economic scholars have challenged those thinkers who seem to support the fact that in a short while the world will become fully automated. They contend that not all jobs will become automated (Adler, 2010). For instance, artists, teachers, entertainers and such others will be saved as a sizeable proportion of human kind will prefer a touch of human hands in their services. They argue that in such circumstances, the economy has got nothing to worry abou t. This statement cannot go unchallenged. Currently, some of the high paying jobs include that of the office secretary, cashiers, food manufactures, lawyers and so forth. The question is, if the above mentioned jobs become automated, what are those involved in them going to become?Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Of course they will not change and become teachers, entertainers, or even artist. People from these automated positions will not have enough income to sustain themselves simply because not all will become artists or performers (Adler, 2010). Critics continue to challenge the effects of automation on the business and employment sector. They are of the view that to them, automation is not a problem. Human beings can transit from production to service based employment. They point out that human kind has evolved from an economy dominated by hunters and gatherers to that of craftsmanship, farming, and manufacturing by using their ingenuity. Modern worker can still shift and become a great entrepreneur (Essig, 2012). As entrepreneurs, they can own capital and use it to craft a new and different future. As the robots advance to take charge of the future, humans too can advance by investing in the robotic world. Wealth will not stagnate but will spread in all directions making life more com fortable. However, this argument has some weaknesses as it fails to address crucial issues. For example, not all people in the society can own adequate share capital from robots. The income realized cannot fully account for the total loss of employment and business opportunities (Ford, 2009). To respond to these scholars downplaying the automation threat, the author of this paper will try to give numerical evidence. A few years back, technology and employment went up at more or less the same rate. The reader should keep in mind that this trend is not the same today. But the reader will agree with this author that the performance of the companies exploiting technology is exceptional to say the least while, on the contrary, the employment rate has stagnated if not declined (Conference on Automation Systems for Business and Industry [Conference], 2011). Case Study Numerical evidence supports this fact. In North America, 41 out of 62 industries increased the use of information technolog y in their operations between 2007 and 2011. This development affected workers in the industries as technology took over their jobs. The difference was clearly seen when the rate of technology use rose by 10% as employment declined by 7% within the same period. This observation may be viewed as correlation as opposed to causation. It implies that industries making exorbitant profits have opted for technology over their employees. Technology is therefore the inability to hire workers (Taylor, Coppin Wealthy, 2010). The author of this paper appreciates the effects of automation given that it is predicted that by 2015, automation of business processes will have eliminated over 25% of human workforce in the labor market. For example, the ZDnet automation which has a self- service mechanism will invade the financial labor market and many other sectors leaving little to be done by humans (Taylor et al., 2010). The automation menace can be explained or categorized into three different cat egories. These are mechanization, automation, and process improvement. Mechanization and automation are well known for taking work from humans and transferring it to machines. The last category involves completely denying humans work and edging them out of the labor market. At the end of the day, unemployment will be on the rise (Taylor et al., 2010). James Albus (the inventor of some of the most intelligent machines) is worried about the fact that the automation machines he created will jeopardize the work meant for human beings. When he created these machines, he was optimistic that they will have the capacity to create wealth in the United States and around the world (Albus, 2009). To address his worries, he opted for what he calls capitalism in his book Peoples’ Capitalism: The Economic of Robot Revolution. This is substantial evidence that the world labor force is crumbling down. To avert such a scenario, he advises that the only way is to uphold capital income. He asser ts that if people acquire a substantial amount of capital income, it will help them compensate for the lost labor. According to him, this will be the economic system of the future. From this author’s point of view, Albus (2009) is only concerned with eradication of poverty, pollution, and maybe war. But he does not tell how the whole world will be able to own capital share (Albus, 2009) Having discussed the effects of automation on the employment sector, the author will shift the focus and address the effects of automation on business. Here, the reader will be made aware of the contribution of technology in business. Business and Automation The inventors of most of the automation machines argue that the creatures are not always cheaper than human labor. It is just that they give better and more promising results than their predecessors. They say that quality is a vital requirement in any business. No human being can match the quality of the results the machines can offer. A g ood example is the General Motor manufacturing industries. Robots are used to assemble thousands of part in a short time. No human employee can keep up with that (Oregon, 2008). The encroachment has extended to the medical sector where surgery in hospitals is done by robots with their backs stuck to computer tablets. The inventors contend that the robots are not preferred because they are cheap; rather, their work is quick and the patients are able to recover in a short time (Watkins, 2008). And with the ever increasing number of patients undergoing operations in hospitals, the significance of the robots cannot be downplayed. It is expensive to buy a robot and statistics indicate that only 400 were sold to serve in hospitals in 2011 (Jin Lin, 2012). If someone happens to undergo procedures such as prostatectomy, there is a high possibility that a robot was involved in one or various stages of the operation, complementing the work of the specialists. As such, automation is doing wel l as far as business is concerned. Automation machines need human intervention in all business processes. Although they would have sent home a significant number of workers, they will still need to be inspected whether they have performed the job correctly. As much as they can produce quality and precise work, they will remain machines. As such, intervention as far as their performance is concerned is mandatory (Jin Lin, 2012). Another classic example of automation in this field is the business process automation also referred to as the BPA. The idea here is to reduce operating costs by incorporating automatic software to increase business productivity. At the end of the day, quality and increased demand is achieved while business and automation are boosted (Jin Lin, 2012). Conclusion In this paper, the author looked at the effects of automation on business and employment in contemporary world. The paper adopted an argumentative nature where the author took a stand and tried to def end it. Opposing arguments were identified and debunked. It was found that the impacts of automation in these two fields are significant. In conclusion, the reader may ask themselves whether there is any job that is safe from automation. One would be tempted to say yes, there are some jobs that are safe from this menace. However, evidence in this paper clearly shows that none of the jobs is safe. Researchers are spending sleepless nights in laboratories trying to come up with algorithms that will give the robots the ability to search for facts and even narrate stories. This is an indication of the fact that the columns in the newspapers may be filled with stories written by robots (Miller, 2008). One may then ask who will read the stories. It is noted that the readers of the virtual writers will be many. Those sent home after their jobs have been taken away from them by the robots will idle around as they read the stories written by the same robots. References Adler, P. (2010). Tech nology and the future of work. New York: Oxford University Press. Albus, J. (2009). Peoples’ capitalism: The economics of the robot revolution. College Park, Md: New World Books. Conference on Automation Systems for Business and Industry. (2011). Proceedings of the EIA conference on automation systems for business and industry. New Jersey: Engineering Publishers. Essig, L. (2012). The speed of light: Dialogues on lighting design and technological change. Portsmouth, N.H: Heinemann. Ford, M. (2009). The lights in the tunnel: Automation, accelerating technology and the economy of the future. New York: Acculant Publishing. Jin, D., Lin, S. (2012). Advances in future computer and control systems (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. Killingsworth, C. (2008). Effects of automation on employment and manpower planning. East Lansing: Michigan State University. Leontief, W., Duchin, F. (2006). The future impact of automation on workers. New York: Oxford University Press. Miller, C. (2008). D igital storytelling: A creator’s guide to interactive entertainment. Boston: Focal Press/Elsevier. Oregon, C. (2008). The effects of technological change on employment in the lumber industry. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Manpower Administration, Bureau of Employment Security. Taylor, A., Coppin, P., Wealthy, P. (2010). The impact of new technology on local employment: A study of progress and effect on jobs in the London borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. Aldershot, Hampshire: Gower. Watanabe, S., International Labour Office, World Employment Program. (2009). Microelectronics, automation, and employment in the automobile industry. Chichester: Wiley. Watkins, J. (2008). Information technology, organizations, and people: Transformations in the UK retail financial services sector. London: Routledge. This research paper on Effects of Automation on Business and Employment was written and submitted by user Yaretzi Williamson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Agriculture and Farm Innovations and Inventors

Agriculture and Farm Innovations and Inventors Farming and farm machinery were basically unchanged in Europe and its colonies for over a thousand years until the Agricultural Revolution  beginning in the late 1700s. Modern agricultural machinery has continued to evolve. The threshing machine has given way to the combine, usually a self-propelled unit that either picks up windrowed grain or cuts and threshes it in one step. The grain binder has been replaced by the swather which cuts the grain and lays it on the ground in windrows, allowing it to dry before being harvested by a combine. Plows are not used nearly as extensively as before, due in large part to the popularity of minimum tillage to reduce soil erosion and conserve moisture. The disk harrow today is more often used after harvesting to cut up the grain stubble left in the field. Although seed drills are still used, the air seeder is becoming more popular with farmers. Todays farm machinery allows farmers to cultivate many more acres of land than the machines of yesterday. Famous Agriculturists Luther Burbank - The Idaho Potato: Horticulturalist patented many cropsGeorge Washington Carver: Agricultural chemist who diversified agriculture and promoted crop rotationJethro Tull: Inventor of the seed drill Milestones in Farm Machinery The following inventions and mechanization led to an agricultural revolution in America in its first two centuries as a nation. Corn picker:  In 1850, Edmund Quincy invented the corn picker.Cotton gin:  The cotton gin is a machine that separates seeds, hulls and other unwanted materials from cotton after it has been picked. Eli Whitney patented the cotton gin on March 14, 1794Cotton harvester:  The first cotton harvester was patented in the U.S. in 1850, but it was not until the 1940s that the machinery was widely used.  Mechanical cotton harvesters are of two types: strippers and pickers. Stripper harvesters strip the entire plant of both open and unopened bolls, along with many leaves and stems. The cotton gin is then used to remove unwanted material.​  Picker machines, often called spindle-type harvesters, remove the cotton from open bolls and leave the bur on the plant. The spindles, which rotate on their axes at high speeds, are attached to a drum that also turns, causing the spindles to penetrate the plants. The cotton fibers are wrapped around the moistened spindles and then removed by a special device called a doffer; the cotton is then delivered to a large basket carried above the machine. Crop rotation: Growing the same crop repeatedly on the same land eventually  depletes the soil of different nutrients. Farmers avoided a decrease in soil fertility by practicing crop rotation. Different plant crops were planted in a regular sequence so that the leaching of the soil by a crop of one kind of nutrient was followed by a plant crop that returned that nutrient to the soil. Crop rotation was practiced in ancient Roman, African, and Asian cultures. During the Middle Ages in Europe, a three-year crop rotation was practiced by farmers rotating rye or winter wheat in year one, followed by spring oats or barley in the second year, and followed by a third year of no crops. In the 18th century, British agriculturalist Charles Townshend aided the European agricultural revolution by popularizing a four- year crop rotation with rotations of wheat, barley, turnips, and clover. In the United States, George Washington Carver brought his science of crop rotation to the farmers and save d the farming resources of the south. Grain elevator: In 1842, the first grain elevator was built by Joseph Dart.Hay cultivation:  Until the middle of the 19th century, hay was cut by hand with sickles and scythes. In the 1860s early cutting devices were developed that resembled those on reapers and binders; from these came the modern array of fully mechanical mowers, crushers, windrowers, field choppers, balers, and machines for pelletizing or wafering in the field. The stationary baler or hay press was invented in the 1850s and did not become popular until the 1870s. The pick up baler or square baler was replaced by the round baler around the 1940s.In 1936, a man named Innes, of Davenport, Iowa, invented an automatic baler for hay. It tied bales with binder twine using Appleby-type knotters from a John Deere grain binder. A Pennsylvania Dutchman named Ed Nolt built his own baler, salvaging the twine knotters from the Innes baler. Both balers did not work that well. According to The History of Twine, Nolts innovative patents pointed the way by 1939 to the mass production of the one-man automatic hay baler. His balers and their imitators revolutionized hay and straw harvest and created a twine demand beyond the wildest dreams of any twine manufacturer. Milking machine:  In 1879, Anna Baldwin patented a milking machine that replaced hand milking - her milking machine was a vacuum device that connected to a hand pump. This is one of the earliest American patents, however, it was not a successful invention. Successful milking machines appeared around 1870. The earliest devices for mechanical milking were tubes inserted in the teats to force open the sphincter muscle, thus allowing the milk to flow. Wooden tubes were used for this purpose, as well as feather quills. Skillfully made tubes of pure silver, gutta percha, ivory, and bone were marketed in the mid-19th century. During the last half of the 19th century, over 100 milking devices were patented in the United States.Plow:  John Deere invented the self-polishing cast steel plow - an improvement over the iron plow. The plow was made of wrought iron and had a steel share that could cut through sticky soil without clogging. By 1855, John Deeres factory was selling over 10,000 stee l plows a year. Reaper:  In 1831, Cyrus H. McCormick developed the first commercially successful reaper, a horse-drawn machine that harvested wheatTractors:  The advent of tractors revolutionized the agricultural industry, freeing agriculture from using oxen, horse, and manpower.

Question 1 business ethic report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Question 1 business ethic report - Essay Example Common ethical issues faced by international businesses include personal working conditions, child labor, and corruption among others. These issues create dilemmas to management, hence the need for a business to develop its own strategies to deal with them. Ethical issues and dilemmas may arise in four levels. These include individual or professional level, organizational level, industrial level, and societal and international level. In individual or professional level, a person faces pressure from conflicting interests or in circumstances that call for decision-making. At this level, ethical dilemmas may originate from personal situations or pressure from work. An individual or personal dilemma may spread problems in the organization if not dealt with early enough (Weiss, 2008, p. 98). Organizational level involves the duty of the business to the shareholders and stakeholders. Business will find itself in a dilemma with these two parties if it carries out unethical practices. For ex ample, the case of the American Airlines, where the company had to stop more than 900 flights in 2008 with the f correcting errors found in the wheels of these planes. This situation had put very many people at risk of death or harm (Weiss, 2008, p. 98). In industrial level, the company staff or workforce may be influenced to carry out some functions in the industry. Some of the business practices undertaken by businesses in an industry are unethical or illegal. Individual, professional, organizational, and industrial practices may conflict with those of societal and international levels. For instance, during the payment of cash to the government and offering tips to employees in a certain country may be unacceptable practices, but in certain countries such practices may be illegal and unethical, hence will be considered as bribery (Weiss, 2008, p. 99). Ethical behaviors According to David Smith, there are three types of ethical behaviors. These include universal base code, which re fers to behaviors that are acceptable all over the world. These are codes of conduct that do not change with time and are affected by geographical and culture of people. Super imposed codes change with culture, region and time. Lastly, legal codes or laws, according to David laws are full of limitations as measures of ethics. The current legal framework supports capitalism which has always been considered wrong. At this point, I will share my sentiments with Smith that, an individual’s views on what is ethical or unethical depends on where he or she is located. For example, many countries in the world have zero tolerance on drug trafficking and abuse. A country like Dubai, a drug dealer is likely to be sentenced to hanging while in some countries; some hardcore drugs are still legal. A person may commit an act that to others is immoral and unethical, but the person could still get support some individual especially of the same culture. With this in mind, SIG came up with its own means and plan to help in making ethical decisions. The ethical framework Each company should have a measure of standard to warn against any deviation from ethical practices. An organization should keep in mind laws governing completion in different companies, corruption, policies on human rights and safety of both employees and customers especially in the communist countries. Smith during his lecture suggested that businesses longing to succeed should not consider

Role of tracheotomy in ventilator Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Role of tracheotomy in ventilator - Article Example Tracheotomy is commonly performed for critically ill, ventilator-dependent patients to provide long-term airway access. The benefits commonly ascribed to tracheotomy, compared to prolonged translaryngeal intubation, include improved patient comfort, more effective airway suctioning, decreased airway resistance, enhanced patient mobility, increased opportunities for articulated speech, ability to eat orally, and a more secure airway. Conceptually, these advantages might result in fewer ventilator complications (eg, ventilator-associated pneumonia), accelerated weaning from mechanical ventilation, and the ability to transfer ventilator-dependent patients from the ICU. Concern, however, exists about the risks associated with the procedure and the costs involved. The impact of tracheotomy on the duration of mechanical ventilation and on ICU outcomes in general has been examined by several different study designs, none of them ideal. Most studies are retrospective, although a few prospect ive studies have been performed. A serious problem is that many studies assigned patients to treatment groups on the basis of physician practice patterns rather than random assignment. Those studies that used random assignment frequently used quasi-randomization methods (eg, every other patient, every other day, hospital record number, or odd-even days). Studies have compared patients undergoing tracheotomy vs those not undergoing tracheotomy, and patients undergoing early tracheotomy vs those undergoing late tracheotomy.... decreased airway resistance, enhanced patient mobility, increased opportunities for articulated speech, ability to eat orally, and a more secure airway. Conceptually, these advantages might result in fewer ventilator complications (eg, ventilator-associated pneumonia), accelerated weaning from mechanical ventilation, and the ability to transfer ventilator-dependent patients from the ICU. Concern, however, exists about the risks associated with the procedure and the costs involved. The impact of tracheotomy on the duration of mechanical ventilation and on ICU outcomes in general has been examined by several different study designs, none of them ideal. Most studies are retrospective, although a few prospective studies have been performed. A serious problem is that many studies assigned patients to treatment groups on the basis of physician practice patterns rather than random assignment. Those studies that used random assignment frequently used quasi-randomization methods (eg, every other patient, every other day, hospital record number, or odd-even days). Studies have compared patients undergoing tracheotomy vs those not undergoing tracheotomy, and patients undergoing early tracheotomy vs those undergoing late tracheotomy. The definition of early vs late tracheotomy varies between studies. "Early" may be defined as a period as short as 2 days after the start of mechanical ventilation to as late as 10 days after the start. Patient populations included in studies also vary widely between investigations and include general surgical and medical patients in some studies and specific patient groups (eg, trauma patients or head-injured patients) in other studies. Most studies have design flaws in the collection and analysis of data, foremost of which

Researching how to conduct a profitable online business Essay

Researching how to conduct a profitable online business - Essay Example Numerous studies have indicated that the power of internet shopping rests in the immediacy, 24-hour availability, and depth of product information available as consumers are able to search for information with near-zero cost since information is only 'a click away.' Further, unlike traditional retail products, the internet poses no constraints on the amount of information that may be provided. There are no shelf-space limitations, and consumers can access more information as long as they are willing to scroll down, or select another web page. Information-based decision aids are key consumer-based tools that facilitate broad search, controlled by the user, at reduced cost and with greater accuracy. Much of these functionalities are provided by means of online shopping decision aids (e.g., bargain list, best of list, comparison matrix, consumer reviews, gift reminder, live chat help, personalised recommendations, recommendation agent, related item list, sponsored chat forum, wish list, etc.), which are electronic attributes of an internet retailer website that significantly enhance the consumer's shopping experience and help them make purchasing decisions. Despite the growing popularity of decision aids with consumers, little is known about how they create value for the Internet retailer. It is unclear, however, just how decision aids contribute to the bottom line in helping consumers make purchasing decisions. By examining the decision aids currently used, this project aims to design and develop an application, which could simulate the value/appropriateness of each proposed online shopping decision aids (i.e., from several perspectives such as bookstore, food retailing and travel industry). In this regard, the dissertation poses several questions. It will help clarify the intended purpose of the decision aids by answering some of the following research questions; should Internet retailers employ one or more decisions aids Could the optimum number of decision aid s to be used be determined Could the optimum combination of decision aids be mapped out). The application should also provide some new insights for Website design, IT spending, and overall business strategy. These theories have then been tied up theories and management tools like knowledge management so as to render credibility to the studies and to demonstrate the nexus between application and technology for the successful codification of information. This codification of information will further the cause of successful business activities in the online arena. Introduction The world has shrunk to a small speck called E-commerce, where it is now possible to exchange goods and money in the form of normal transactions. Shopping on the Internet or online shopping as it is more popularly known is that form of shopping that has almost emptied shopping malls in various parts of the world. For success in this kind

The Importance Of The Oleochemical Industry

The Importance Of The Oleochemical Industry Oleochemicals which is the chemical product that extract from plant or animal oil. The formation of oleochemical are from fatty acids, fatty alcohol, methyl esters and glycerine. In Malaysia, oleochemical started from early 1980s. The Malaysian Oleochemical Manufactures Group (MOMG) was established in January 1984 when the industry attracted more producer. MOMG uses the renewable natural raw material such as palm oil, coconut oil and palm kernel oil which are environment friendly. Due to the global warming and depleting of fossil fuel, biodiesel will be the next great potential as a cost-effective feedback for fossil fuel. Palm oil or other vegetable oil can be used to create biodiesel for internal combustion engines. After mixed with petro diesel, biodiesel can use in any diesel engine. Normally vehicle manufacture limit their recommendation to 15% biodiesel blended with petro diesel. In Europe, biodiesel is most common. RD have research that biodiesel is more clean energy than fossil fuel, it release less carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide after combustion. Not only that, biodiesel is more economical as biodiesel can be use directly without changing or modified the vehicle engine. The importance and advantages of Oleochemical Industry (Biodiesel) in our Society The oleochemical industry that producing biodiesel have unpredictable profit potential since the fossil fuel sources are depleting over the years and this will cause the usage of biodiesel increases. Biodiesel is miscible with petroleum based diesel and this provides several advantages. For example, biodiesel can be obtained from a renewable and widespread availability of feedstock. Moreover, biodiesel has the same energy level for per gallon like petroleum-based diesel The biodiesel is produced from plants and other organic raw materials and the processes of producing biodiesel are harmless to the earth compared to drilling for oil which caused huge damages to the earth. Since we able to produce biodiesel and being used in domestic, there are no international complications will be involved. This will help strengthen our national security. Besides that, it can prevent the global situation to affect the price of biodiesel. The main reason of oleochemical industry can be so successful is because of the alternative biofuel such as biodiesel is a carbon neutral one which means it doesnt not emit any carbon gases in the form of carbon dioxide. As we know carbon dioxide is the main contribution to the greenhouse gas emissions. Besides that, biodiesel is biodegradable and less toxic than fossil fuel. Due to the lubricating effect by the biodiesel, the diesel engines lifetime is last longer and it is more efficiency. Therefore, biodiesel becomes one of the most important alternative fuel for combustion in diesel engines. The Supply Demand of Biodiesel Due to the declining of fossil fuels around the world, various governments all over the world have passed policies to help in the production and phasing-in of bio-fuels to reduce the consumption of fossil fuel. For example, the United States of America had passed a Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) in 2010 for the production of 650 million gallons of biodiesel in 2010, while in Brazil, all gasoline requires around 20-25% of ethanol blended into them and since Jan. 1 2010, Brazil had begun a B-5 mandate which requires the phasing in of 5% biodiesel into fossil fuels. In addition, due to the EUs (European Union) determined policies, biofuel consumption is set to increase sharply. Previously, the EU had set a goal for all their member nations to achieve a minimum target of 5.75% biofuel production by the year 2010, which was estimated to be around 14 million tonnes, and subsequently increase the amount to 10% biofuel production by the year 2020. South East Asian countries like Indonesia and the Philippines have also set a B2.5 mandate which requires the phasing in of 2.5% biodiesel into fossil fuel diesels in their internal market. Malaysia has also implemented a B5 mandate which requires all diesel fuels sold in the country to phase-in 5% of biodiesel. Therefore, with many countries supporting the concept of producing biofuels and the increasing worldwide demand, it shows that investing into the field of the production of biodiesel would be very profitable in the long run. Costs of producing biodiesel are dependent on the feedstock being used, the biodiesel plant design and size, and the way the plant is being operated. Basically, soybean oil and palm oil are the most commonly used feedstock being used in the oleo chemical industry due to their widespread availability and lowest priced for most of the time. Although algae are one of the feedstock which can have a high yield of biodiesel, palm oil is still preferred over algae due the high capital of algae. Besides that, countries like Indonesia and Malaysia, which in 2012 had recorded roughly 18,500,000 metric tons of palm oil produced, will prove to be worthwhile countries to invest in for the production of biodiesel due to the fact that there are ample materials to produce biodiesel. Moreover, with the lack of suppliers producing biodiesel in the region (South East Asia), to invest in this field in the region would prove to be worth the effort. Procesess for synthesis of biodiesel from palm There are two main process for synthesis of biodiesel from palm ¼Ã… ¡ Palm Oil Extraction from palm Mechanical Extraction Solvent Extraction Traditional Method Of Palm Kernel Extraction There are 8 main processes for the palm oil extraction, those are bunch reception, and weighing, bunch quartering, bunch sterilization, bunch threshing/ stripping, oil palm fruit digestion, palm oil pressing, palm oil clarification, palm oil drying and palm oil storage (Figure 6.1). The extraction of palm oil can be done by three methods: a.) Mechanical Extraction, b.) Solvent extraction and c.) Traditional method of palm kernel extraction. 2. Trans-esterification Trans-esterification also known as alcoholysis. It is a chemical process that decrease the viscosity of palm oil and produce biodiesel by displace alcohol from an ester using another alcohol. This chemical process contains three subsequent reversible reactions: i.) Reaction between triglycerides of palm oil and alcohol to produce diglycerides and ester, ii.) Reaction between diglycerides and alcohol to produce monoglycerides and ester, iii.) Reaction between monoglycerides and alcohol to produce glycerol and ester (general equation in Figure 6.2). Transesterification can either be performed by the present of catalyst (catalytic process) or without the present of catalyst (non-catalytic process) (Figure 6.3). During the synthesis of biodiesel, there are some precaution steps need to be taken to ensure the whole process can be done in safe condition. One of the precaution step is always make sure that the tanks used in processing biodiesel are in good condition. Besides that, make sure that all the electrical powered are not over heated, over-pressurized and improperly installed. Use an explosion proof motor to avoid from leaving the motor and engage the professionals to install and maintain the pump. The Impact on the Environment The process of deriving oleochemical can be divided into Fat Splitting, Distillation, Fractionation by Crystallization, Fractionation by Distillation, Hydrogenation and Ion Exchange. All the stated process might have some impacts on the environment, such as: A power plant will be needed to supply a large amount of energy to the oleochemical industry. In order to install a power plant in the factory, space and fuel are essential. However, fossil fuel is not environment friendly because it will produce toxic gases such as CO and SO3, which could cause air pollution. Besides, greenhouse gases such as CO2, O3, water vapors, and CH4, released from the power plant, further contribute to greenhouse effects. Raw materials are limited. Human may suffer from food deficiency due to excessive usage of animals and plants fats as raw material for oleochemical industry. Animal fats, being a side stream from the meat production, have a limited availability, said European Oleochemicals Allied Products Group. Animal fats cover more than 50 % of the raw material requirements in the European Oleochemical Industry. The processes of deriving oleochemicals such as (splitting, refining, neutralization and distillation) will generate heat energy. Since water has a very high specific heat capacity, it will be used in cooling system. In the cooling system, heat energy will be transfer to the water, which increases the temperature of water. If we discard the hot water into river, the temperature will later disrupt the temperature of the river water. Even though it could be a very slight change of temperature, but it may cause death to the aquatic lives due to inadequate temperature which affects the activity of enzymes. There is no proof that neither raw materials nor products are safe to human, animals and plants even though its derived from plants or animals sources. Therefore, all the raw materials and products must be handled with care by relative field experts. The handling, storage, and transportation of these materials should to be managed properly to avoid or minimize the potential for environmental impacts . Pollutant, toxic and greenhouse gases will cause pollution and greenhouse effect if we release it directly into atmosphere. Existence of So3 and other toxic gases in atmosphere can cause respiratory problems on humans and animals. If the waste products of fat splitting process such as lipids, acids and alkali were discarded to ground, it will cause soil pollution. Plants will be unable to grow and this further destroys the habitat of the animals. When the factory is operating, machines and operating systems will generate noise and disturb nearby residence. A suitable and strategy location which located far away from town and residence area can be used to set the factory. A catalyst such as Pt or Ni may be required to speed up the rate of reaction. These catalysts are expensive and need to be recycled so that we can reduce the costs and also save the environment. The products might consist of new and unknown chemicals. To reveal the toxicity or other side effects, animal testing or animal trial can be conducted. This is an inhumane practice, which may affect the ecosystem if the toxic is spread among the flora and fauna. The worst uncontrollable case is that the chemicals cause cancer or mutation inside the animal body and spread among each other. Therefore, the practice of animal testing must be carried out in a small scale, and the number of animal used for testing should be as least as possible. Besides, the animals must be quarantined and separated from the others, as this could further minimize biological pollution. Future Potential of the Oleochemical Industry Oleochemical industry is one of the fastest growth industry for biofuels. In the next few years, products produced by oleochemical industry are expected to replace those from petrochemicals. Most of the oleochemical industry are based on palm and palm kernel oils, so other new raw material sources are hoped to be found out to replace them, which are cheaper and easy to be obtained. To protect the mother earth, costs of production should not be the first consideration while the environmental impact of a chemical to the user and environment is anticipated to be more important. Environmental issues such as biodegradation, non-toxicity and life cycle analysis are the main consideration that will be used in the future to determine whether a chemical should be commercially produced or not. Biotechnology aslo as known as biotransformation process is used to produce basic oleochemicals and intermediate products that based on chemical processes. This will be the future technology and will be used to produce functionality oleochemicals. Conclusion The world is facing the depleting of fossil fuels, so the demand of oleochmical products will continue exceed the supply. Oleochemical plays a very important role in providing an alternative to replace the fossil fuels because the products of oleochemical are environmental friendly. However, mass exploits of this industry will still harm the environment to a certain extent. Hence, precaution measures must be taken and careful deliberation over the issues that will happen before it creates a problem to our society. Reference 1) Jibrail B Kansedo, University Sains Malaysia, Synthesis Of Biodiesel From Palm Oil And Sea Mango Oil Using Sulfated Zirconia Catalyst. Available from: [ July 2009] 2) Siti Fatimah Arifin, University Malaysia Pahang, Faculty Of Chemical And Natural Resources Engineering, Production Of Biodiesel From Waste Cooking Oil And RBD Palm Oil Using Batch Transesterification Process. Available from: [May 2009] 3) Rhonda Day, eHow, Safety and Hazard Precautions In Biodiesel Production. Available from: 4) FAO Corporate Document Repository, Palm Oil Processing. Available from: 5) FAO Corporative Document Repository, Palm Kernel Oil Extraction. Available from: 6) Centre for Transportation Analysis, Global Supply and Demand of Biofuels, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Available from: [January 2011] 7) Future Potential of Oleochemical Industry. Available from: 8) Malaysia Palm Oil Production by Year, 1964-2012. Available from: 9)ASEAN Oleochemical Manufacturers Group, Country Section Malaysia. Available from: 10) ClimateAvene, the Use of Plam Oil as Biofule and Biodiesel. Available from: 11) ClimateAvene, Sustainable Palm Oil Cultivation and Climate Change. Available from: 12) Wolfgang Rupilius and Salmiah Ahmad, The Changing World of Oleochemicals. Available from: 13) International Finance Corporation, IFC, 2007, Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Oleochemicals Manufacturing [Online]. Available from: 14) Trudy, T., 2009, Synthetic Ingredients: The debate over synthetics [Online] Available at 15) European Oleochemicals Allied Products Group, APAG 2006, Challenges and potential of biomass biofuels for the European Oleochemical industry [Online]. Available at: 16) Ahmad, Mohd Jaaffar, and Tang Thin Su, 2005 Supply and demand of biodiesel in the European Union (EU). Palm Oil Dev 42 (2005): 8-14.

Trail Of Tears :: essays research papers

Trail of Tears Trial of Tears and the Five Civilized Tribes During the early years of 1800s, valuable gold deposits were discovered in tribal lands, which by previous cessions had been reduced to about seven million acres in northwest Georgia, eastern Tennessee, and southwest North Carolina. In 1819 Georgia appealed to the U.S. government to remove the Cherokee from Georgia lands. When the appeal failed, attempts were made to purchase the territory. Meanwhile, in 1820 the Cherokee established a governmental system modeled on that of the United States, with an elected principal chief, a senate, and a house of representatives. Because of this system, the Cherokee were included as one of the so-called Five Civilized Tribes. The other four tribes were the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and the Seminoles. In 1832 the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Georgia legislation was unconstitutional; federal authorities, following Jackson’s policy of Native American removal, ignored the decision. About five hundred leading Cherokee agreed in 1835 to cede the tribal territory in exchange for $5,700,000 and land in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). Their action was repudiated by more than nine-tenths of the tribe, and several members of the group were later assassinated. In 1838 federal troops began forcible evicting the Cherokee. Approximately one thousand escaped to the North Carolina Mountains, purchased land, and incorporated in that state; they were the ancestors of the present-day Eastern Band. Most of the tribe, including the Western Band, was driven west about eight hundred miles in a forced march, known as the Trail of Tears. The march west included 18,000 to 20,000 people, of whom about 4000 perished through hunger, disease, and exposure. The Cherokee are of the Iroquoian linguistic family. Their economy, like that of the other southeastern tribes, was based on intensive agriculture, mainly of corn, beans, and squash. Deer, bear, and elk were hunted. The tribe was divided into seven matrilineal clans that were dispersed in war and peace moieties (half-tribes). The people lived in numerous permanent villages, some of which belonged to the war moiety, the rest to the peace moiety. In the early 19th century, the Cherokee demonstrated unusual adaptability to Western institutions, both in their governmental changes and in their adoption of Western method of animal harvesting and farming. Public schools were established and in the 1820s, a tribal member invented an 85-character syllable script for the Cherokee language. Widespread literacy followed almost immediately. In 1828 the first Native American newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix, began publication. Today in Oklahoma, much of the culture has remained the same. Their traditional crafts are most strongly preserved by the Eastern Band where their basketry is considered to be

Haitian Revolution

Rationale The researcher chose to investigate this topic because she is solely interested I finding out why Haiti’s socio-economic structure deteriorated after the Haitian Revolution ended in 1804. It has always been the curiosity of the researcher to discover Haiti’s state prior to this major revolt and also to find out the factors which caused the socio-economic break down of the colony. This research seeks to educate the researcher and whoever may read it in an effort to broaden their knowledge on Haiti’s socio-economic structure and why it is the way it is.Introduction The Haitian Revolution was a strategy used by African slaves in Haiti to resist slavery. In the 18th century, Haiti was the richest colony in the entire Caribbean and was the largest market of cane sugar. They accounted for half the sugar used in the Americas and Europe; they also produced cotton, coffee and indigo which were also used in developing France socially and economically.Even though Haiti was very successful in its own and France’s economical endeavours, the strategy used was somewhat detriment as they applied brutal measures to the enslaved who worked on their plantations. According to Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave Systems written by Hilary McD Beckles and Verene A. Shepherd, it was the background of the civil war between the free mixed race and French communities and their mutual opposition to French domination, that those enslaved on the 22nd of August 1791, launched the greatest revolt for freedom from slavery ever known.Due to the revolt that lasted for thirteen long years, there was mass destruction in property, plantations and loss of many lives. These resulted in the break down of the socio-economic structure and further more the economy. This research will address the socio-economic state of Haiti or previously known as ‘St. Domingue’ prior to the revolt and the factors that contributed to the deterioratio n of its socio-economic break down which will be used to prove that it was the Haitian Revolution that destroyed the  French colony. Haitian Revolution RationaleThe researcher chose to investigate this topic because she is solely interested I finding out why Haiti’s socio-economic structure deteriorated after the Haitian Revolution ended in 1804. It has always been the curiosity of the researcher to discover Haiti’s state prior to this major revolt and also to find out the factors which caused the socio-economic break down of the colony. This research seeks to educate the researcher and whoever may read it in an effort to broaden their knowledge on Haiti’s socio-economic structure and why it is the way it is.IntroductionThe Haitian Revolution was a strategy used by African slaves in Haiti to resist slavery. In the 18th century, Haiti was the richest colony in the entire Caribbean and was the largest market of cane sugar. They accounted for half the sugar used in the Americas and Europe; they also produced cotton, coffee and indigo which were also used in developing France socially and economically.Even though Ha iti was very successful in its own and France’s economical endeavours, the strategy used was somewhat detriment as they applied brutal measures to the enslaved who worked on their plantations. According to Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave Systems written by Hilary McD Beckles and Verene A. Shepherd, it was the background of the civil war between the free mixed race and French communities and their mutual opposition to French domination, that those enslaved on the 22nd of August 1791, launched the greatest revolt for freedom from slavery ever known.Due to the revolt that lasted for thirteen long years, there was mass destruction in property, plantations and loss of many lives. These resulted in the break down of the socio-economic structure and further more the economy. This research will address the socio-economic state of Haiti or previously known as ‘St. Domingue’ prior to the revolt and the factors that contributed to the deterioration of its socio-economic break down which will be used to prove that it was the Haitian Revolution that destroyed the French colony.The Effects of the Haitian Revolution after it ended in 1804

Teaching Students With Multiple Disabilities or Handicaps

Teaching Students With Multiple Disabilities or Handicaps Children with multiple disabilities will have a combination of various disabilities that may include issues with: speech, physical mobility, learning, mental retardation, sight, hearing, brain injury, and possibly others. Along with multiple disabilities, they can also exhibit sensory losses as well as behavior and/or social problems. Children with multiple disabilities,  Ã‚  also referred to as multiple exceptionalities, will vary in severity and characteristics. These students may exhibit weakness in auditory processing and have speech limitations. Physical mobility will often be an area of need. These students may have difficulty attaining and remembering skills and/or transferring these skills from one situation to another. Support is usually needed beyond the confines of the classroom. There are often medical implications with some of the more severe multiple disabilities which could include students with cerebral palsy, severe autism, and brain injuries. There are many educational implications for these students. Strategies and Modifications for Multiple Disabilities Early intervention is necessary as soon as the child begins school.Involvement of the appropriate professionals, i.e. occupational therapists, speech/language therapists, physiotherapists, etc.A team approach at the school level involving external agency/community liaison who meet on a regular basis is essentialThe physical arrangement of the classroom will need to best accommodate this child. Consideration of special equipment and assistive technology is essential.Integration among their peers is important to assist these students with social development. Its important to integrate multiple disabled children as much as is possible. Research does indicate that when these students attend their community school and participate in the same activities as their peers, social skills develop and are enhanced. (Sometimes these students are placed full-time in a regular classroom with support, however in the majority of cases these students are placed in a developmental skills type of classro om with some integration. Ensuring that all students demonstrate respect for the multiply disabled student becomes a teachers responsibility and needs to be taken seriously with ongoing activities that develop respect from the other students in the class.An Individual Education Plan will need to be carefully planned out and adjusted on a regular basis and will need to be aligned to the needs of the individual child.Remember, these children are often completely dependent on others for most/all of their daily needs.Assistive technologies may aid this child and the support team will need to decide which assistive technologies will be most appropriate.A safety plan will need to be developed and is often included in the IEP.Care needs to be given in your expectations of this student to ensure the child doesnt become frustrated. Most importantly, these identified children are to be given the same rights as non-identified school age children including screening, evaluation, and an appropriate program/services.​

Why Shakespeares Works Still Live On

Why Shakespeares Works Still Live On Free Online Research Papers Why Shakespeares Works Still Live On William Shakespeare is perhaps the greatest playwright in the history of mankind. He is a global literary icon who is known in every country, city, and household across the globe. Although he has lived and died during the Elizabethan era, his works have survived hundreds of years of change and remain alive and unaltered to this very day. His works, which are considered literary masterpieces, are regarded highly by writers, teachers, and students, since they are epitomes of literature in its various forms. He perfected a wide array of genres- tragedies, comedies, romances, and histories. He even blended some of these genres together and formed the romantic comedy. Shakespeare is popular in the educational world due to the fact that his works encompass universal themes that apply to every time period and place, a diverse set of characters which enable readers to connect with and learn truths about human nature from, and rich language that teaches various literary devices and techniques and how to use them effectively. In his play A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare introduces universal themes that are timeless; they remain relevant to this very day. The main themes introduced in this play include love, magic, and dreams verses reality. His main focus in this particular play is love. The characters in this play experience the joys and hardships of love. They portray the idea that when people, especially youngsters, are in love, they rely on their instincts rather than reason and therefore act impulsively and rather foolishly. The power and force of love disables their ability to reason. In other words, one can say that love is blind. This theory of love is presented when Helena states: â€Å"Love looks not with the eyes but with the mind; And therefore is winged cupid painted blind. Nor hath love’s mind of any judgment taste† (1.1.240-242). In this quote, Helena clarifies that when a person is in love, he or she lacks judgment and is therefore blind. The blindness and irrationality of love is also portrayed through the characters’ actions. When Hermia elopes with her lover Lysander, and thus risks her life by defying her father’s order, her foolishness due to love is shown. The blindness of love is also depicted when Helena informs Demetrius the plans of Hermia and Lysander in hopes of regaining his love. She does not thoroughly think through her plans before putting them into action, since not only does she betray the trust of her childhood friend Hermia, but she also pushes Demetrius farther away from her, rather than bringing him closer as she had hoped. After being informed of their plan, Demetrius chases after Hermia, causing Helena’s plan to win him back to ultimately backfire. Despite her failure to win his heart, Helena persists in pursuing Demetrius. Even though Helena is aware that her love is unrequited: â€Å"the more I love, the more he hateth me† (1.1.205), she still blindly follows him. Both her bl indness and foolishness are shown when she degrades herself and loses her sense of pride and self-esteem: â€Å"I am your spaniel, and Demetrius, the more you beat me, I will fawn on you. Use me but as your spaniel; spurn me, strike me, neglect me, lose me; only give me leave to follow you.† (2.1.210-214). This shows how pathetic and desperate a person can be, and the things they will do to get love in return. The characteristic Shakespeare gave to Helena is sadly a characteristic that is visible in the world today. People, especially teenagers, take whatever measures in order to win the hearts of those they love. In addition, this blindness is also portrayed when Demetrius and Lysander nearly engage in a duel in order to gain Helena’s love. This is when they are each under the influence of the potion’s spell and are blindly in love with Helena and this power of love pushes them to extreme measures. They would willingly fight one another and endanger their li ves in order to win Helena’s heart. Puck’s comment on the four lovers further signifies their foolishness: â€Å"What fools these mortals be!†(3.2.116). This impulsiveness due to love is visible in the world today since people, especially teenagers, act impetuously and irrationally when it comes to love. Shakespeare also shows that love can cause jealousy, which in turn, can cause a person to resort to revenge and perhaps, even violence. This is portrayed when Oberon is jealous of Titania’s love for the Indian boy. In order to punish her and seek revenge, he orders Puck to put her under a spell in order to force her to fall in love with Bottom, who is quite ridiculously stupid and has a face that is transformed to that of an ass. In addition, due to jealousy caused by love, Helena and Hermia fight, causing their childhood friendship to collapse thus jeopardizing their trust in one another. In addition, there is an unbalance of love throughout this play since in the beginning, both Demetrius and Lysander love Hermia while Helena is cast aside. When the fairies meddle and the characters are under the influence of the magic spell, the unbalance in love becomes even more confusing since both Demetrius and Lysander fall in love with Helena and this time, Hermia is the one left unloved. The unbalance in love depicted throughout this play remains visible to this very day. Everywhere we look, we see that not everyone possesses the hearts of those they love. Although some couples are fortunate enough to love each other, there are plenty of other people who don’t receive the same feelings of love they feel towards someone. The whole world seems to be as if it is a complicated and unbalanced love equation. Shakespeare also teaches readers that with love comes sacrifice. Love is never easy and as Lysander states, â€Å"the course of true love never did run smooth.† (1.1.136). During the play, Hermia sacrifices the relationship with her father in order to be with her true love. Her father Egeus wants her to marry Demetrius, but since Hermia’s heart belongs to Lysander, she refuses to do so and refuses to love someone based on the judgment of another person: â€Å"O hell, to choose love by another’s eyes!† (1.1.142). Despite her father’s disapproval, she elopes with Lysander and thus risks her life and destroys her ties relations with her father. Magic is another theme in the play and it shows the ‘supernatural’ power of love that a human being cannot choose to avoid, just like a spell. This is symbolized by the love potion which brings out the ‘magical powers’ of love. The love potion also tells us that love, like magic, can control us in its own way and can make us blind. Magic contributes largely to create major conflict in the play by creating chaos and tensions. This is seen when Puck mistakenly applies the love potion to Lysander’s eyelids and he falls head over heels for Helena and abandons his former love, Hermia: â€Å"Content with Hermia? No, I do repent the tedious minutes I with her spent. Not Hermia, but Helena I love.† (2.2.120). Demetrius is also under the influence of the magic spell and falls in love with the lady he once despised, Helena. The effect of magic on these characters also shows how capricious emotions are and how they change so abruptly. In addition, magic contributes the dream-like ambiance in the play and makes all the bizarre events in the play acceptable. Although magic creates complications in the play, it ultimately re-stabilizes the situation and resolves tensions created throughout the play. Shakespeare uses magic to make events more suspenseful and cause a sense of concord through discord. People accept the fact that Demetrious and Lysander both loved Hermia, then they both loved Helena, and finally everything was resolved and the love equation reaches its equilibrium. If magic was not involved, people would not have accepted the somewhat bizarre events. Thus, magic ties the loose ends in this novel. Shakespeare’s choice to incorporate magic in his play helps broaden the imagination of his readers and enhance their creative abilities. In fact, the fairies in his play A Midsummer Night’s Dream inspired four hundred years of stories and pictures of these butterfly-winged creatures living in the woods. Although some may argue that magic is unreal, it still has an influence on our society, since reading about magic helps readers escape the harsh realities of their lives and visit a dreamlike world, causing them to be more imaginative thinkers. Magic can still be seen today whether it is in plays, movies, or novels such as Harry Potter and The Chronicles Narnia. This shows that magic continues to inspire our society and have an impact on it. A third theme introduced in the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream is dreams verses reality. This is portrayed by the two distinctive settings Shakespeare uses in this play; Athens and the enchanted forest. Athens is a harsh, realistic, and lawful place while the forest is an imaginative place where possibilities are endless. Despite the contrast between the two different settings, they complement each other and add a sense of balance to the play. This theme portrays the idea that dreams are necessary to establish reality, since without the ‘dream’ in this particular play, the equation of love would not have been balanced and there would have been no marriage between each of the two lovers. This shows how dreams play a crucial role in the lives of human beings and its significance gives A Midsummer Night’s Dream its name. This theme remains important in our everyday life, for nothing can be achieved without dreaming. To accomplish great things, one must not only act, but also dream; not only play, but also believe. Shakespeare effectively portrays a diverse set of characters in this play. He uses various character types such as stereotypes and archetypes in his play A Midsummer Night’s Dream. These types of character are present to this very day and remain visible in our daily life. For example, the act of stereotyping is something very common nowadays as much as it used to be over four hundred years ago. We can still see stereotyping in books, movies, as well as our everyday lives where people are constantly being discriminated based on their religions, cultural backgrounds, social statuses, and nationalities. As for this play, a person may say that the character Hermia is stereotyped as a rich, beautiful girl who gets everything she desires including love. It is much like today’s society in which people are stereotyped as spoiled if they are rich. Another example of a stereotypical character in this play is the character Bottom. He is the actor who always wants to steal the show and seems to be more interested in his costume rather than his role; he spends much more time worrying about the minor details of the performance such as the color of beard he should wear rather than worrying about his lines: â€Å"I will discharge it in either you straw-color beard, your orange- tawny beard, your purple-in-grain beard, or your French-crown-color beard, you perfit yellow.† (1.2.89-92). Bottom thus verifies many of our cultural stereotypes of actors. Another type of character introduced in this play is archetypes. An example of an archetype is the duke of Athens, Theseus who is portrayed as a fair and just king: â€Å"What say you Hermia?†(1.1.47). This shows the readers how Theseus is the epitome of justice due to the fact that he acts fairly towards people of all statuses. Theseus states this quote when Egeus turns to him in order to discuss his daughter’s decision and how the severe punishment should be enforced if she goes again st his wishes. In response, Theseus tries to connect with Hermia in order to reach an understanding in which both sides are content. Theseus is also the true image Shakespeare draws for Queen Elizabeth, flattering her through his plays. In addition, Shakespeare uses only a few methods of characterization. He depicted the character’s personalities and qualities through their dialogues and how other characters feel about them. He did not include a lot of physical description since he wanted the readers to use their imagination and be able to relate to these characters. Another technique he used was creating different plots with different characters of various social statuses and slowly bringing them together as the play develops. This was intended to show that even people who are worlds apart can meet and interact at some point in their lifetimes. This also makes it easier for each person in the audience to relate to the character most resembling his or her own self, engaging the audience further in the play. In the characters that Shakespeare uses in his plays, they are sometimes successful and at other times their lives are full of pain, suffering, and failure. Shakespeare skillfully uses his understanding of human nature to enhance these connections and shape his texts and intuitive relationship with his audiences. His great understanding of human nature just adds more to his fame. This is because he was able to find universal human qualities and put them in a dramatic situation creating characters that are timeless. Nevertheless he had the ability to create characters that are highly individual human beings in which their struggles in life are universal. Through the actions of his characters in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, he teaches his audience that when one is in love, the ability to reason diminishes and his or her emotions alter their perceptions. This is portrayed when Hermia willingly elopes with Lysander and thus, risks her life. This can also be seen in the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet where the tragic hero of the play, Romeo, is in constant agony with love: Alas, that love, whose view is muffled still, Should, without eyes, see pathways to his will! Where shall we dine?- O me! What fray was here? Yet tell me not, for I have heard it all. Heres much to do with hate but more with love. Why then, O brawling love, O loving hate, O anything of nothing first created! O heavy lightness, serious vanity, misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms! Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health, Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is! This love feel I, that feel no love in this. (1.1.101-110). From this quote, the reader can comprehend how Romeo is very much in love with someone who does not love exchange his love in return. So as an act of recoil, this young, foolish, impetuous, teenager rushes into what he thinks is falling in love with Juliet, who supposedly returns the same feelings towards him. Yet all would be perfect except for the fact that R omeo and Juliets families are sworn enemies. Thus it is not possible for them to ever be together. This bitter rivalry causes the two lovers to rebel without their parents knowledge, leading up to many negative results such as the death of Romeos friend, Mercutio, and finally the suicide of both Romeo and Juliet due to a misunderstanding. The reason why readers perhaps enjoy Romeo and Juliet the most out of all of Shakespeares play is possibly because they can relate to it and can learn from Romeo how it is not wise to rush into love. Yet at the same time the reader can obviously see the human nature within Romeo and understand his actions since it is not always easy to not have someone you know you are meant to be with, like in this case. Another example of human nature portrayed within Shakespeares play A Midsummer Night’s Dream is when Helena is full of jealousy and she discovers that the man she loves, Demetrius, is truly in love with her best friend, Hermia, rather than in love with her: Call you me â€Å"fair†? That â€Å"fair† again unsay. Demetrius loves your fair. O happy fair! (1.1. 181-182). Shakespeare shows that it is part of human nature to feel jealousy when the person one loves is in love with someone else. Shakespeare also teaches his audience that emotions change and are not everlasting and this is part of human nature. Throughout this play, the characters’ feelings towards certain characters change very abruptly and this portrays the idea that emotions and feelings change all the time. This is portrayed when both Demetrius and Lysander are in love with Hermia, and then are madly in love with Helena. In the end, Lysander is in love with Hermia once again while Demetrius is in love with Helena, thus causing the tangled love equation to finally reach its equilibrium. The characters’ actions and feelings teach the readers various truths about human nature. Through these characters, they not only connect t o them, but they also understand themselves better and gain a better understanding of the world around them. One thing that fascinates everybody, especially today, is Shakespeare’s unique language. Not only does his old English style seem elegant now, but it was also very easy for the audience to understand during Shakespeare’s lifetime, which is one of the main reasons why Shakespeares works have gained popularity at the time, and in turn, survived to this day. In addition to this, he blended grand, poetic language with simple, everyday language in order to attract both the educated and uneducated. For example, the fairies in A Midsummer Night’s Dream speak in fancy, poetic language and this is shown when the fairy says on its first appearance: â€Å"Over hill, over dale, thorough bush, thorough brier, over park, over pale, thorough flood, thorough fire; I do wander everywhere, swifter than the moon’s sphere. And I serve the Fairy Queen, to dew her orbs upon the green. The cowslips tall her pensioners be; in their gold coats spots you see; those be rubies, fair y favors; in those freckles live their savors. I must go seek some dewdrops here and hang a pearl in every cowslip’s ear.† (2.1.2-15). This language, enriched with imagery and poetry, attracted the upper class of educated people. On the other hand, the craftsmen speak in simple, everyday language in order to attract the uneducated. This is shown in parts like: â€Å"I grant you, friends, if you should fright the discretion but to hand us. But I will aggravate my voice so that I will roar you as gently as any sucking dove. I will roar you an ‘twere any nightingale†(1.2.43-46). If all the play was written in the enriched poetic language, the uneducated (which were a majority at that time) would not have understood, and thus Shakespeare’s plays would not have gained all this popularity and might not have even survived to this day. Symbolism usually plays a major role in Shakespeare’s various plays, giving it a lot of intensity and depth. What makes Shakespeare’s symbolism even more unique is that he uses nature and elements from culture as his symbols; even the setting is symbolic. For example, in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare uses Athens as the setting of the play to symbolize order, and made the lovers flee to the woods; a place where the Athenian law couldn’t be applied. Since the woods are associated with wild animals and the fairies that rule it, it symbolizes a chaotic area where magic flowers and the lovers, like animals, are driven more by their instincts than their brains. The night also helps emphasize this, for in the dark woods anything can happen. The darkness of the night also symbolizes the blindness of love, which we see very clearly through the tangled love ties that develop later on. Most of the events of the play took place in a moonlit area of the forest , and since during Shakespeare’s time it was believed that the over-exposure to the moon’s rays led to insanity, the moon is a symbol of lunacy. It was also a symbol of fickleness because its shape changes every night. In fact, the moon was mentioned twenty-eight times in the play, which is also very symbolic, for that is a day before the moon completes a full cycle. Perhaps this indicates how the play indeed has an advance to its peak of action when the full moon arose and then the action slowly faded away as the moon disappears in the sky. But the cycle is not complete, since permanent changes have been made and, unlike the moon, the play doesn’t end where it started. Even the title of the play is symbolic, because a mid-summer’s night is the longest night of the year, and even the lovers say this, for example, Hermia says: â€Å"O weary night, O long and tedious night, Abate thy hours! Shine, comforts, from the east,† (3.2.460). It’s clea r from the way she speaks that this night was not a normal one, and that’s why it fits all this action. Midsummer night was also the evening of a grand festival for spirits. Even Oberon and Titania are symbolic characters; their language which is sometimes poetic like the fairies and sometimes normal shows the mix between their supernatural powers and human passions and desires. Symbolism was also used in another Shakespearian play, The Merchant of Venice. This play is set in Venice, Italy, a city that is now associated with romance, clearly reflecting the characters’ romantic relationships. The moon is again used as a symbol when the characters Jessica, Nerissa and Portia reveal their double identities as members of the court. They are sitting in the moonlight, and the moon, as previously mentioned, symbolizes fickleness and change, indicating an important shift in the play. All of these symbols are the biggest of example of how every word Shakespeare said meant somet hing, reflecting the depth of his plays that one is still inspired by till this day. Another one of Shakespeare’s talents is changing a character’s language to show the way that character feels. For example, the lovers normally speak in rhyming couplets: â€Å"Call you me â€Å"fair†? That â€Å"fair† again unsay. Demetrius loves your fair. O happy fair! Your eyes are lodestars and your tongue’s sweet air more tunable than lark to shepherd’s ear† (1.1.184). Helena says this at the very beginning in the palace when Hermia innocently asks her: â€Å"Godspeed, fair Helena. Whither away?† However, this language changes when the lovers enter the forest, under the pressure of emotions generated from the confused situation and the lovers soon give up their rhyming couplets and use blank verses instead: â€Å"Have you conspired, have you with these contrived, to bait me with this foul derision? Is all the counsel we two have shared, the sisters’ vows, the hours that we have spent when we have chid the hasty footed time for parting us – O is all forgot?† (3.2.201). Helena says this to Hermia when both Lysander and Demetrius are under the love spell and start flattering her endlessly. She is clearly confused and the absence of the romantic couplets she used in the first act reveals this. On the other hand-side, Lysander and Demetrius, who are under a love spell during this time, continue to speak in an extremely ‘magically’ elegant poetic language: â€Å"O Helena, goddess, nymph, perfect divine! To what my love shall I compare thine eyne? Crystal is muddy. O, how ripe in show, they lips, those kissing cherries, tempting grow!† (3.2.140) Demetrius, who bitterly hated Helena, is now flattering her; using a metaphor to transform her lips into cherries in blossom. Shakespeare even uses this effect with Hermia, to express her happiness: â€Å"Dark night, that from the eye his function takes, The ear more quick of apprehension makes; Wherein it doth impair the seeing sense, it pays the hearing double recompense. Thou art not by mine eye, Lysander, found; M ine ear, I thank it, brought me to thy sound.† (3.2.181). Hermia says this when she finally finds Lysander in the forest. All these simple changes have a big impact on making the play clearer and bringing each character further into life and making them more realistic. This method of expressing a character’s feelings is still used today, though in a simpler way, like making a character stammer in the middle of a sentence to indicate nervousness. Allusions are a key element in making Shakespeare’s plays more realistic, and glorifying his characters for emphasis. For example, in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Oberon, King of the fairies, says: â€Å"Fetch me this herb, and be thou here again ere the leviathan can swim a league† (2.1.179), emphasizing how fast Puck should bring him the ‘love-in-idleness’ flower. The leviathan is a monstrous sea creature mentioned in the Bible. This shows how Shakespeare links the Bible and weaves it’s stories into his own. The importance of love is also emphasized by his multiple allusions to many important figures in Greek mythology in the ten lines: â€Å"My good Lysander! I swear to thee, by Cupids strongest bow, By his best arrow with the golden head, By the simplicity of Venus doves, By that which knitteth souls and prospers loves, And by that fire which burnd the Carthage queen, When the false Troyan under sail was seen, By all the vows that ever men have broke, In number more than ever women spoke, In that same place thou hast appoin ted me, To-morrow truly will I meet with thee. (1.1.168-178). In these lines only, he refers to Cupid: god of love, Venus: goddess of love, and Dido: who loved Aeneas and Troyan (or Aeneas) who was a hero of the Trojan War and the mythological founder of Rome. All of these allusions appeal to the audience, bringing the story closer to their minds’ grasp and revealing the Greek influence on Shakespeare’s plays. Imagery is valid in Shakespeare’s plays to stimulate the audience’s imagination. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream nature and animal imagery helps the audience picture the setting. An example of this is in Act 2, scene 1: â€Å"I know a bank where the wild thyme blows, where oxlips and the nodding violet grows, quite over-canopied with luscious woodbine, with sweet musk-roses and with eglantine: there sleeps Titania sometime of the night, lull’d in these flowers with dances and delight; and there the snake throws her enamell’d skin, weed wide enough to wrap a fairy in.† (249-256). This helps give emphasis to the ‘enchanted forest’ atmosphere. On the other hand: â€Å"You spotted snakes with double tongue, thorny hedgehogs, be not sen; newts and blind-worms, do no wrong, come not near our fairy queen. Philomel, with melody sing in our lullaby; lulla lulla lullaby, lulla, lulla, lullaby: never harm, nor spell nor charm, come our lovely lady nigh; so, good night, with lullaby. Weaving spiders, come not here; hence, you long-legg’d spinners, hence! Beetles black, approach not near; worm nor snail, do no offence.† (2.2.9-24†. Here, imagery is used to emphasize the spooky creatures that inhabit the forest. Imagery is still an important ingredient in present day novels, and this helps engage the readers in the play and use his or her imagination. Though written during the Elizabethan era, Shakespeare’s words have survived during the course of hundreds of years and remain unchanged. His works still effectively engage the readers and have an impact upon their hearts and minds. His works deal with universal themes which can be applied to any time and place. One can draw parallels between the issues Shakespeare deals with in his plays and the problems people face today. In addition, the diverse set of characters he creates enables the audience to relate to them. This is because people perceive themselves in these characters. Also through the errors these characters make, the audience can learn about human nature and behavior, which in effect, helps understand themselves better. Shakespeare’s use of eloquent and rich language provides students with a broad knowledge of literary style and technique, while serving to develop and improve writing skills. His themes, characters, and language make reading his works a tr uly valuable and rewarding experience. Research Papers on Why Shakespeare's Works Still Live OnHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoWhere Wild and West MeetStandardized TestingMind Travel19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Spring and AutumnThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Effects of Illegal Immigration